library {base}

Package:

base

Version:

R 2.15.0

Description

library and require load add-on packages.

Usage

library(package, help, pos = 2, lib.loc = NULL,
        character.only = FALSE, logical.return = FALSE,
        warn.conflicts = TRUE, quietly = FALSE,
        keep.source = getOption("keep.source.pkgs"),
        verbose = getOption("verbose"))

require(package, lib.loc = NULL, quietly = FALSE,
        warn.conflicts = TRUE,
        keep.source = getOption("keep.source.pkgs"),
        character.only = FALSE)

Arguments

package, help: the name of a package, given as a name or literal character string, or a character string, depending on whether character.only is FALSE (default) or TRUE).
pos: the position on the search list at which to attach the loaded package. Can also be the name of a position on the current search list as given by search().
lib.loc: a character vector describing the location of R library trees to search through, or NULL. The default value of NULL corresponds to all libraries currently known to .libPaths(). Non-existent library trees are silently ignored.
character.only: a logical indicating whether package or help can be assumed to be character strings.
logical.return: logical. If it is TRUE, FALSE or TRUE is returned to indicate success.
warn.conflicts: logical. If TRUE, warnings are printed about conflicts from attaching the new package. A conflict is a function masking a function, or a non-function masking a non-function.
keep.source: logical. Now ignored. This argument does not apply to packages using lazy-loading: whether they have kept source is determined when they are installed.
verbose: a logical. If TRUE, additional diagnostics are printed.
quietly: a logical. If TRUE, no message confirming package loading is printed, and most often, no errors/warnings are printed if package loading fails.

Details

library(package) and require(package) both load the package with name package. require is designed for use inside other functions; it returns FALSE and gives a warning (rather than an error as library() does by default) if the package does not exist. Both functions check and update the list of currently loaded packages and do not reload a package which is already loaded. (Furthermore, if the package has a namespace and a name space of that name is already loaded, they work from the existing namespace rather than reloading from the file system. If you want to reload such a package, call detach(unload = TRUE) or unloadNamespace first.)

To suppress messages during the loading of packages use suppressPackageStartupMessages: this will suppress all messages from R itself but not necessarily all those from package authors. If library is called with no package or help argument, it lists all available packages in the libraries specified by lib.loc, and returns the corresponding information in an object of class "libraryIQR". The structure of this class may change in future versions. In earlier versions of R, only the names of all available packages were returned; use .packages(all = TRUE) for obtaining these. Note that installed.packages() returns even more information.

library(help = somename) computes basic information about the package somename, and returns this in an object of class "packageInfo". The structure of this class may change in future versions. When used with the default value (NULL) for lib.loc, the attached packages are searched before the libraries.

In versions of R prior to 2.14.0, a .First.lib function would be called when a package without a namespace was attached. As of 2.14.0, all functions have namespaces; see .onLoad for current behaviour, and ‘Writing R Extensions’ for a description of the older mechanism.

Values

Normally library returns (invisibly) the list of attached packages, but TRUE or FALSE if logical.return is TRUE. When called as library() it returns an object of class "libraryIQR", and for library(help=), one of class "packageInfo".

require returns (invisibly) a logical indicating whether the required package is available.

Licenses

Some packages have restrictive licenses, and there is a mechanism to allow users to be aware of such licenses. If getOption("checkPackageLicense") == TRUE, then at first use of a package with a not-known-to-be-FOSS (see below) license the user is asked to view and accept the license: a list of accepted licenses is stored in file ‘~/.R/licensed’. In a non-interactive session it is an error to use such a package whose license has not already been accepted.

Free or Open Source Software (FOSS, e.g., http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FOSS) packages are determined by the same filters used by available.packages but applied to just the current package, not its dependencies.

There can also be a site-wide file ‘R_HOME/etc/licensed.site’ of packages (one per line).

Formal methods

library takes some further actions when package methods is attached (as it is by default). Packages may define formal generic functions as well as re-defining functions in other packages (notably base) to be generic, and this information is cached whenever such a package is loaded after methods and re-defined functions (implicit generics) are excluded from the list of conflicts. The caching and check for conflicts require looking for a pattern of objects; the search may be avoided by defining an object .noGenerics (with any value) in the package. Naturally, if the package does have any such methods, this will prevent them from being used.

References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

Note

library and require can only load an installed package, and this is detected by having a ‘DESCRIPTION’ file containing a Built: field.

Under Unix-alikes, the code checks that the package was installed under a similar operating system as given by R.version$platform (the canonical name of the platform under which R was compiled), provided it contains compiled code. Packages which do not contain compiled code can be shared between Unix-alikes, but not to other OSes because of potential problems with line endings and OS-specific help files. If sub-architectures are used, the OS similarity is not checked since the OS used to build may differ (e.g. i386-pc-linux-gnu code can be built on an x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu OS).

The package name given to library and require must match the name given in the package's ‘DESCRIPTION’ file exactly, even on case-insensitive file systems such as are common on MS Windows and Mac OS X.

Examples

library()                   # list all available packages
library(lib.loc = .Library) # list all packages in the default library
library(help = splines)     # documentation on package 'splines'
library(splines)            # load package 'splines'
require(splines)            # the same
search()                    # "splines", too
detach("package:splines")
 
# if the package name is in a character vector, use
pkg <- "splines"
library(pkg, character.only = TRUE)
detach(pos = match(paste("package", pkg, sep=":"), search()))
 
require(pkg, character.only = TRUE)
detach(pos = match(paste("package", pkg, sep=":"), search()))
 
require(nonexistent)        # FALSE
 
## Not run:
## if you want to mask as little as possible, use
library(mypkg, pos = "package:base")
## End(Not run)

Documentation reproduced from R 2.15.0. License: GPL-2.

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