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Normal {stats}

Package: 
stats
Version: 
R 2.15.0

Description

Density, distribution function, quantile function and random generation for the normal distribution with mean equal to mean and standard deviation equal to sd.

Usage

dnorm(x, mean = 0, sd = 1, log = FALSE)
pnorm(q, mean = 0, sd = 1, lower.tail = TRUE, log.p = FALSE)
qnorm(p, mean = 0, sd = 1, lower.tail = TRUE, log.p = FALSE)
rnorm(n, mean = 0, sd = 1)

Arguments

x,q
vector of quantiles.
p
vector of probabilities.
n
number of observations. If length(n) > 1, the length is taken to be the number required.
mean
vector of means.
sd
vector of standard deviations.
log, log.p
logical; if TRUE, probabilities p are given as log(p).
lower.tail
logical; if TRUE (default), probabilities are P[X ≤ x] otherwise, P[X > x].

Details

If mean or sd are not specified they assume the default values of   and 1, respectively.

The normal distribution has density where μ is the mean of the distribution and σ the standard deviation.

qnorm is based on Wichura's algorithm AS 241 which provides precise results up to about 16 digits.

Values

dnorm gives the density, pnorm gives the distribution function, qnorm gives the quantile function, and rnorm generates random deviates.

References

Becker, R. A., Chambers, J. M. and Wilks, A. R. (1988) The New S Language. Wadsworth & Brooks/Cole.

Johnson, N. L., Kotz, S. and Balakrishnan, N. (1995) Continuous Univariate Distributions, volume 1, chapter 13. Wiley, New York.

See Also

Distributions for other standard distributions, including dlnorm for the Lognormal distribution.

Examples

require(graphics)
 
dnorm(0) == 1/ sqrt(2*pi)
dnorm(1) == exp(-1/2)/ sqrt(2*pi)
dnorm(1) == 1/ sqrt(2*pi*exp(1))
 
## Using "log = TRUE" for an extended range :
par(mfrow=c(2,1))
plot(function(x) dnorm(x, log=TRUE), -60, 50,
     main = "log { Normal density }")
curve(log(dnorm(x)), add=TRUE, col="red",lwd=2)
mtext("dnorm(x, log=TRUE)", adj=0)
mtext("log(dnorm(x))", col="red", adj=1)
 
plot(function(x) pnorm(x, log.p=TRUE), -50, 10,
     main = "log { Normal Cumulative }")
curve(log(pnorm(x)), add=TRUE, col="red",lwd=2)
mtext("pnorm(x, log=TRUE)", adj=0)
mtext("log(pnorm(x))", col="red", adj=1)
 
## if you want the so-called 'error function'
erf <- function(x) 2 * pnorm(x * sqrt(2)) - 1
## (see Abramowitz and Stegun 29.2.29)
## and the so-called 'complementary error function'
erfc <- function(x) 2 * pnorm(x * sqrt(2), lower = FALSE)
## and the inverses
erfinv <- function (x) qnorm((1 + x)/2)/sqrt(2)
erfcinv <- function (x) qnorm(x/2, lower = FALSE)/sqrt(2)

Documentation reproduced from R 2.15.0. License: GPL-2.